ABSTRACT
Objective: The present research aimed to examine positive and negative beliefs about worry and tendency of students to drug abuse in terms of cross-level effect of school-bounding
Methods: In this multi-level investigation, 1000 students of high schools were selected by means of multi-stage sampling technique. Then, they completed metacognitive questionnaire [MCQ], school-bounding and questionnaire of readiness for addiction scale [Wade and Butcher]. The data were analyzed by cross-level analytical method
Results: Findings showed that positive and negative metacognitive beliefs significantly affect students' tendency to drug abuse and the variable of school-bounding has direct and significant effect on students' tendency to drug abuse while it has indirect and significant effect on relationship among negative and positive beliefs about worry and tendency to drug abuse
Conclusion: The results indicate the importance of taking multi-level approach toward tendency to drug abuse and addiction and using microlevel and macrolevel to define phenomenon of addiction and tendency to drug abuse
ABSTRACT
Backgrounds: Situation awareness is an important factor in industrial accidents. Improving situation awareness may help to prevent occupational accidents. Determination of factors influencing situation awareness will help to plan and take measures for betterment of working condition and development of a safer workplace. In this study, we examined the role of work overload and job stress in predicting work situation awareness among workers
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. A sample consisting of 180 employees in National Petrochemical Company in 2014 was selected using stratified random sampling method; the participants filled out the questionnaires containing questions on demography characteristics, work situation awareness of Sneddon, Mearns and Flin [2013], work overload of Beehr, Walsh and Taber [1976], and job stress scale of Cohen and colleagues [1983].The data were analyzed by SPSS software using coefficient correlation and stepwise regression. Statistical differences were considered significant at P<0.001
Results: The results showed that there were internal correlation among work overload, job stress and work situation awareness. Also, the results of stepwise regression analysis revealed that work overload and job stress significantly predicted, respectively, almost 11% and 35% of variances of work situation awareness among workers
Conclusion: Work overload and job stress are two main factors for predicting work situation awareness. To improve workplace safety, interventional measures should focus on enhancing the situation awareness via workload and job stress reduction
ABSTRACT
Objective: For decades, both theory and research have focused on the role of self-esteem and shame in constructing narcissistic traits. However, studies on the exact relationship between these two and overt and covert facets of narcissism have been equivocal
Methods: The current study is correlational. It examined these relationships among 308 Iranian college students [155 males, 153 females, mean age=23.49 years, SD=2.83]. The target population was all students of national universities of Tehran, Iran. The sampling method was non-random multi-step clustering. Participants were asked to fill four self-report measures: Narcissistic Personality Inventory [NPD], Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale [RSES], Test of Self-conscious Affect [TOSCA-3], and Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale [HSNS]. The data were analyzed by SPSS 19.0.0 software, using Pearson's Correlation, T-test and Multiple Regression Analysis methods
Results: Surprisingly, there was no significant difference between men and women with respect to NPI scores. Findings also revealed that shame was negatively related to overt narcissism [r=-0.22, P<0.05] and positively related to covert narcissism [r=0.23, P<0.05]. Self-esteem was found to be positively correlated with overt narcissism [r=0.42, P<0.01] and negatively correlated with covert narcissism [r=-0.30, P<0.01]
Conclusion: The results provide support for the models of overt narcissism in which the narcissistic self serves as a buffer against inner feelings of inferiority. It also supports the importance of shame and low self-esteem in shaping the covert narcissistic traits. However, shame could not differentiate between overt and covert narcissism. The empirical, cultural, and clinical implications of the findings are discussed
ABSTRACT
The theory of mind hypothesis states that children with autism are impaired in the development of the ability to appreciate their own and other people's mental states. The people with Autism Spectrum Disorder needs treatment approach which to strengthen their movement, focus of attention, eye contact and relaxation. "Dohsa-hou" is a Japanese psycho-rehabilitation method by motor training, that many of researches investigated its effectiveness on many aspects of autism spectrum disorders The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Dohsa training on theory of mind in high-functioning autistic children. In a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test designs without control group, 6 children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder participated in the study Pre-test was administered for all participants by theory of mind questionnaire. Participants were given Dohsa training for a period of 4 weeks, 3 sessions of one hour a week. At the end of training, the post test was done by the same questionnaire. In the study, two tools for measuring the effect were used; Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire and Theory of mind Questionnaire. The results showed that there were significant differences between the subjects participated in treatment before and after the intervention, and indicated that in the subjects after the 2 weeks of enforcement of treatment and one month after performing the post-test there was no significant difference. As data showed, Dohsa training was an effective treatment for autistic children and movement has very important role in cognition, learning and cognition performance, especially theory of mind because movement and rhythm stimulate the brain. Together these findings suggest that it may be the autistic children motivation to move in ways they have not tried before that led their improvement during this psycho-rehabilitative program which affect their cognition and theory of mind
ABSTRACT
Researches mainly focus on patients who suffer from cancer. Families and parents have been neglected in these researches although they experience levels of stress, depression and anxiety. This research aims at studying the effectiveness of Hope Therapy based on group therapy on hope and depression of mothers with children suffering from cancer in Aliasghar Children's Hospital, Tehran [2010]. In this applied and semi-experimental research, 20 mothers were selected based on Snyder Hope Scale and Beck Depression Inventory [pre-test]. They were randomly assigned into two groups of experimental and control. Intervention based on Hope Therapy protocol was executed on the experimental group for eight weeks [eight sessions, each lasted for 2 hours]. Afterwards, posttest was performed for both groups. After eight weeks, the experimental group completed questionnaires and the follow up phase. Results demonstrated that Hope Therapy increases hope [p<0.05], and decreases depression in mothers of children with cancer [p<0.001]. Covariance analysis indicated that Hope Therapy significantly decreases depression and increases hope of mothers whose children suffer from cancer. Follow up results showed no significant changes in hope of this group of mothers in the two months after post-test, but depression was decreased significantly during this period. It was concluded that effectiveness of Hope Therapy may be continued during the follow up phase.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotional regulation training group therapy, based on Dialectical Behavioral Therapy [DBT] and Cognitive Therapy, on improving emotional regulation and distress tolerance skills and relapse prevention in addicts. In a quasiexperimental study, 39 patients with the diagnosis of opioid dependence based on DSM-IV criteria were randomly assigned in to two experimental and one control groups. The experimental groups took 10 ninety-minute sessions of group therapy. The subjects were evaluated using the Opiate Treatment Index [OPI], General Health Questionnaire-28 [GHQ-28], and Distress Tolerance and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scales prior to the start of treatment, and at the sixteenth session. The control group did not take group therapy and was merely treated with naltrexone. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and x[2] test. Scheffe test showed that both emotion regulation training and cognitive therapy were more effective than naltrexone increasing distress tolerance, emotion regulation enhancement, and decreasing the amount of drug abuse, health improvement, social functioning, somatic symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction and depression enhancement[P<0.05]. In addition, emotion regulation training was more effective than cognitive therapy, increasing distress tolerance and emotional regulation enhancement [p<0.05]. It seems that DBT skill training increase the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy and is more effective than cognitive therapy
ABSTRACT
Body image is an important concern in overweight women; thus, this study was carried out to compare the effect of diet therapy and narrative therapy on improvement of body image. This was an interventional study. Among the women who were referred to the clinic of nutrition and diet therapy, 30 overweight women were selected through randomized sampling and were randomly divided to two interventions and one control group. Group 1 only received diet therapy [for 5 weeks], group 2 received narrative therapy in addition to diet therapy and the control group received no intervention. Narrative therapy was a group therapy that consisted of 12 sessions, each lasting 50 minutes; the sessions were held twice a week. Weight of subjects was measured with light cloths by a Seca balance scale to the nearest 0.5 kg and their height was measured by stadio-meter to 0.5 cm. Body Mass Index was calculated by dividing weight [in kg] to squared height [in m[2]]. Data of Body Image were gathered through Multidimensional Body-Self Relation Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by covariance analysis, Tukey and paired t test using SPSS 16 software. At the beginning of the study, the mean score of body image in the control group was 135.20 and it was 134.60 after the intervention. In group 1, at the beginning of the study the mean score was 148.1 and after the intervention was 147.50. In group 2, at the beginning of the study the mean score was 150.80 and after the intervention the result was 163.90. Data analysis showed that at the end of the study diet therapy had no significant effect on improvement of body image [P>0.05]. But narrative therapy was more effective than diet therapy in the improvement of body image in overweight women [P<0.001]. Narrative therapy can better improve body image; thus, this method is more suitable and has greater results in weight loss